For most of us, our chicken coops are a point of pride and are as much a part of our landscape as the barn or garden. Innovative coop designs, roofs topped with weather vanes, comfy nest boxes and colorful decorations add to the fun of keeping chickens. But it’s easy to forget about the less-than-lovely reality: The same organisms that cause diseases in large-scale commercial poultry houses and hatcheries can inhabit our coops, too. No matter how charming our henhouses are, diseases can lurk right under the surface.

Several living organisms that occur with poultry affect people as well as chickens, and several affect only poultry. Many are easily preventable with common sense and good hygiene. Some are naturally occurring within the birds or are found in the environment and thus require additional treatment through vaccination or medicated feed.

We’ve selected the top five diseases, helped by advice from Patricia Wakenell, a veterinarian and a professor of avian diagnostics at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and Yuko Sato, a veterinarian and assistant professor at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa.

Salmonella

By far, salmonella is the No. 1 disease that poultry keepers need to be concerned with. There are many strains of salmonella—too many for the scope of this article—but the three we need to know about are Salmonella pullorum and gallinarum, which can sicken chickens, and Salmonella enteritidis, which can sicken us from the food-safety standpoint

Chickens carry salmonella naturally, and select, few strains can be passed from the hen to the chick through the egg, including enteritidis. It can also contaminate the coop through feces.

Chicken manure doesn’t remain on the floor like that of other livestock. It becomes aerosolized; in other words, the feces become dust, which coats everything in the coop, including eggs. Therefore, it’s incredibly important to refrigerate your eggs as soon as possible because the longer each egg sits out at room temperature, the more the salmonella is pulled into the core of the egg.

However, it doesn’t really matter if your eggs are contaminated, so long as you cook them. Cooking destroys salmonella. You can, however, still get sick from eating products that include raw eggs in the recipe, such as mayonnaise, Caesar salad dressing, raw cookie dough or uncooked meringue.

“If you’re making scrambled eggs, make sure to use one utensil to whisk the raw egg and a clean one as the eggs are finishing,” Wakenell says. “The heat isn’t going to happen fast enough to kill salmonella on the first utensil, so you’ll be carrying salmonella into your scrambled eggs.”   

Wash your hands thoroughly after handling poultry, and, as tempting as it is, don’t hug or kiss baby chicks. “There have been many cases of people getting salmonella through hugging and kissing baby chicks,” Sato says.

Salmonella can also infect your own house through the aerosolized fecal dust, so Wakenell suggests using a designated set of clothing and changing into clean clothes before you enter the house. And if you get fecal matter on yourself, wash it off as soon as you can. If you have an indoor chicken wearing diapers, treat the diapers with the same biosecurity you use when cleaning the coop. Discard the diaper where dogs, cats or children can’t access it. And use a dust mask when cleaning the coop.

Commercial poultry houses vaccinate their birds against Salmonella enteritidis and regularly screen for it by taking swabs in the environment, among other preventive steps. “However, there can be random salmonella species—for example, [Salmonella] braenderup—that are not passed on from hen to chick [and do not] cause disease in chickens but are present in the environment,” Sato says.

Every 30 days, commercial hatcheries test everything that can be exposed to salmonella, such as machinery or hatch baskets. This isn’t necessary for backyard coops. Just remember that salmonella is common around chickens, and always use common sense and clean yourself after handling poultry.

Some states have programs where poultry owners can send a dozen eggs to a laboratory once a year for free to test for salmonella.

“Labs check for antibodies, but that doesn’t mean you have salmonella,” Wakenell says. “It means your chickens may have been exposed months ago. Labs can use serum in the blood, but it’s easier to check using egg fluid. If the hen has been exposed, she will put antibodies into the egg.”

It’s best to retest the chicken via a blood test to confirm that it isn’t a false positive. If it’s positive again, you need to culture for the salmonella itself—usually with feces. During this time, refrain from selling raw eggs because people can get sick from them.

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is caused by coccidiae, tiny single-cell organisms called protozoans that cause diarrhea in chickens. It’s difficult, if not impossible, to eradicate because it lives in the environment. If you see diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, the first step is to take a fecal sample to your vet to be checked.

“Coccidiosis is animal specific,” Sato says. “Chickens will not swap coccidia with other bird species or animals. For instance, guinea fowl have their own coccidia.”

The best way to control a coccidiosis outbreak is by prevention. One route is to feed chicks medicated chick starter feed. Sato says the feed includes the medication called amprolium. Chicks are most susceptible to coccidiosis in the first week of life up until about 8 weeks old, so it’s important to keep using the feed to that age.

A second option is through vaccination. In this case, the chick is given a small, attenuated dose of the actual parasite. “In the first 10 or so days of life, chicks don’t have enzymes in them to break apart the parasites, so when the parasites from the vaccine cycle through them, they will go through a challenge and immunize themselves,” Sato says. “Many organic producers have to use this choice because they can’t use medicated feed.”

It’s important to understand that you can’t use medicated feed if you apply a vaccination because the medication will kill the introduced parasite.

To treat your older birds, use the same medication that’s in the starter feed. You need a higher dose for treatment. Amprol liquid for poultry is a good choice. Mix it straight into the water. Figure out how much water your birds drink each day and follow the dispensing instructions. Make sure that the calculated dose is correct because overdosing can be fatal.

Mix it fresh every day for three to five days.  There is no egg withdrawal when using this medication.

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is probably the second most-known of the poultry diseases, after salmonella. However, the chance of exposure in a backyard flock is slim.

“If you lose half of your flock in 24 hours, that’s code red,” Sato says. “If you’re losing a bird here and there, it’s probably not AI. The best thing you can do if you suspect AI is to call the emergency hotline at the state vet’s office, and they can walk you through what to do.”

People can get AI; however, it’s not likely. It’s more of a disease that can wipe out flocks, which is why testing is good. Testing for AI is required for competitions and fairs. Some states might require AI testing if you transport birds across state lines. The test is either a blood test or a swab of the mouth or throat. Eggs can also be tested.

Fowl Cholera

Pasteurella multocida, also called fowl cholera, best known for causing sniffles in rabbits, can affect humans as well as chickens. “[You can catch fowl cholera] by giving your chicken mouth-to-beak resuscitation or kissing a chicken on the beak, because there it will be covered with aerosolized fecal material or snots; or by co-feeding, such as using the same dropper for people and birds without cleaning it,” Wakenell says. “Rodents also carry fowl cholera into the coop, so don’t let a hen kill mice and eat them.”

If you see any respiratory infection, promptly call your veterinarian. “The veterinarian can test for the causative organism(s) and recommend treatment,” Wakenell says. “Fowl cholera can be treated with penicillin, but it will not be effective late in the disease as often the bacteria is walled off by [things such as] dead cells and pus.”

Marek’s Disease

Marek’s is a fatal disease that is very distressing for the chicken keeper. It’s caused by a herpesvirus that brings about paralysis, contraction of the toes and legs that stretch forward or backward. “It can take six to 12 weeks for a chicken to develop symptoms and die and so it’s devastating for the backyard owner,” Sato says.

The solution is to vaccinate the chick as soon as it hatches. The vaccination costs around 20 cents a bird, so it’s not worth skipping. In some of the bigger producers, the chicks are vaccinated in the egg.

Some breeds are more susceptible to Marek’s than others. For instance, Sebrights and Barnevelders must be vaccinated, whereas others, such as Marans and Sumatras, never or rarely get Marek’s. It’s worth noting that even vaccinated chickens can contract Marek’s if the vaccine wasn’t given properly or if the virus overpowers the vaccine, but at least most of your flock will be safe.

You can’t eliminate the risk of diseases in poultry, just as you can’t in humans and other animals, but knowing what might strike your coop and taking steps to reduce the chance will help give you peace of mind and allow you to enjoy and appreciate your beautiful chickens and coop.

Sidebar: Top Tips

• Start your flock with “clean chickens” by asking the hatchery, breeder or feed-supply store what diseases they screen and vaccinate for and whether they are enrolled in the National Poultry Improvement Plan register. Any of these should have a list of diseases they monitor as well as poultry businesses enrolled in NPIP.
• Quarantine your new birds or those returning from competition or the fair for four to six weeks. It’s best if you can keep your chickens in separate buildings, but if this isn’t possible and your birds are sharing a common air sources—for example, living in the same barn or coop—it’s doubly important to change your boots and wash your hands before walking into your established flock.
• Also quarantine sick birds. Sick birds can shed disease into the coop so it’s best to remove them. Also time away from the other chickens can help a bird recover. Learn what a sick chicken looks like, such as watery eyes, discharge from the beak, ruffled feathers, not eating or drinking, or hiding from the other birds.
• State poultry officials (some of which are veterinarians) can provide you with scientifically proven information so you won’t have to rely on random information about diseases on the internet. If you see something that worries you, such as a skin disease or masses or a runny nose, get veterinary help.
• The USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has a sick bird hotline (866-536-7593), and the American Association of Avian Pathologists has plenty of information. You can also contact the proper state agent through the National Poultry Improvement Plan, which has a list of officials within your state. The NPIP is administered by the USDA. You can contact it through its website. Most states also have a healthy bird help line, each of which can refer you to sources for help.
• When dealing with chickens, eggs and manure, assume everything is contaminated, so practice good management and biosecurity.
• Keep the coop free of manure to cut down on aerosolized feces.
• Immunocompromised people are most at risk for diseases, so be extra careful when around chickens and make sure all eggs are cooked thoroughly. If at all in doubt, purchase pasteurized eggs.   

Find out more at:
National Poultry Improvement Program

American Veterinary Medicine Association

American Association of Avian Pathologists

This story originally appeared in the January/February 2019 issue of Chickens magazine.